IVY Tech Spanish, (written Jan. 21, 2004)

We have discussed the basic elements of sentence building in class. Let's review some of the important points that we have seen at this point.

We have seen how nouns are divided into two groups. These are the "O" category and the "A" category. It is important to know this because other words used with nouns have to match. Normally, the "O" nouns end in the letter "o" and the "A" nouns end in the letter "a".

We have, for example, different forms of the word "the" and we have to match the proper form to the noun that we are using.

"the"

	"O"	"A"
singular	el	la
plural	los	las

There are some exceptions, however. Nouns that actually end in the letter "e" must be memorized. There isn't a good clue to the actual category of the noun.

el puente

la fuente

Also, we have two words for "a". If we use an "O" noun, the word is "un". If we use an "A" noun, the word is "una". For example, we would say, "un libro", but we would say, "una página".

Another point to remember about nouns is that we can't just string them together like we do in English. We can't say, "the Spanish class". We have to say, "la clase de español" ("the class of Spanish").

We also saw that there are two categories of verbs. There are "A" verbs and "E" verbs.

To analyze verbs we divide them into three parts. The first part tells us what action is being done. The second part tells us the category ("A" or "E"). The third part has endings which must match the subject (the "doer"). We also need to know the pronouns which are used as subjects. Look at the following charts.

VERBS

	"A"	"E"
yo tú usted/él/ella nosotros ustedes/ellos/ellas	estudi---o estudi-a-s estudi-a-- estudi-a-mos estudi-a-n	aprend---o aprend-e-s aprend-e--- aprend-e-mos aprend-e-n

We can put an "r" on the end of the verb, in the third space, and it means "to do" something. For example, "aprender" is "to learn" and "estudiar" is "to study". We use these forms with other verbs, such as "need" ("I need to study".) Now let's take a look at some of the new words that we have learned. We'll use them in our sentence building practice. You should memorize them.

el libro	the book
la página	the page
la palabra	the word
el examen	the test
la clase	the class
el muchacho	the boy
la muchacha	the girl
el profesor	the teacher
dónde	where
adónde	(to) where
a	to
hoy	today
la escuela	the school
la biblioteca	the library
la mochila	the bookbag
el casillero	the locker
el cuaderno	the notebook
en	in
para	for
que	that
porque	because
dice	says
necesitar	to need
estudiar	to study
aprender	to learn
creer	to believe
está	is
están	are
veinte	20
mañana	tomorrow
de	of
con	with

Let's practice building some sentences.

1. I am studying the words.
2. John (he) is studying the words.
3. We are studying the words.
4. The boys (they) are studying the words.
5. Are you studying the words.
6. I am studying in the library.
7. Mary (she) is studying in the library.
8. We are studying in the library.
9. The girls are studying in the library.
10. I am learning the words.
11. The boys are learning the words.
12. I am studying for the test.
13. John is studying in the library for the test.
14. We are studying for the test.
15. The boys are studying in the library for the test.
16. Mary says that John is studying in the library.
17. John needs to study the words for the test.
18. We need to study the words for the test.
19. The boys need to study the words for the test.
20. You need to learn the words for the test.
21. We need to learn the words for the test.
22. The girls need to learn the words for the test.
    
    Here are two verbs with irregular (unpredictable) forms that we have studied. Make sure that you learn them. Pay particular attention to the unpredictable changes that you need to memorize. Notice that the combination "ie" changes to "e" in the "mos" form of any verb. We will see other examples of this. This change of "ie" to "e" also happens in the "r" form of a verb.
    
    

    	"A"	"E"
    yo tú usted/él/ella nosotros ustedes/ellos/ellas	v---oy v-a-s v-a-- v-a-mos v-a-n	teng---o tien-e-s tien-e--- ten-e-mos tien-e-n

    
    
    We use "go" to express the idea of movement from one place to another. However, we also can use "go" with the "R" forms of other verbs to express the idea of doing something in the future ("I'm going to study".) Remember that we always follow the word "go" in Spanish with "a" which means "to".
    
    
23. I have the words that I need to study.
24. Do you have the words that we need to study?
25. Mary has the words that we need to study.
26. The boys do not have the words that they need to study.
27. The words are on page 20.
28. Where are the words that we need to study?
29. The teacher says that the words that we need to study are on page 20.
30. I believe that the words that we need to learn are on page 20.
31. I am going to the library.
32. I am going to the library because I need to study.
33. I am going to study the words for the test.
34. Are you going to the library?
35. Are you going to study the words for the test?
36. Mary says that she is going to the library.
37. Mary says that she is going to study for the test.
38. I need to learn the words that are on page 20.
39. You need to learn the words that are on page 20.
40. We need to learn the words that are on page 20.
41. We have a test tomorrow in the Spanish class.
42. Do you have a test tomorrow in the Spanish class?
43. I believe that we have a test tomorrow in the Spanish class.
44. I am going to study in the library with John.
45. We are going to study in the library with the boys.
46. We are going to study for the test with the boys.
47. The words that you need to study for the test are on page 20.
48. I am going to study the words for the test with Mary.
49. Are you going to study with Mary?
50. Where are you going?
51. Where are you going to study?
52. Where are the boys going?
53. Where are the boys going to study?
54. Where is John going?
55. Where is Joing going to study?
56. We are going to have a test in the Spanish class tomorrow.
57. Are you going to have a test in the Spanish class tomorrow?
58. Mary says that she is going to have a test in the Spanish class tomorrow.
59. The teacher says that we are going to have a test in the Spanish class tomorrow.
60. I am studying the words for the test that we are going to have tomorrow.
61. Are you studying the words for the test that we are going to have in the Spanish class?
62. Are you going to learn the words for the test?
63. I am going to learn the words that are on page 20.
64. John says that he is going to learn the words that are on page 20 for the Spanish test.
65. John is going to study with the boys in the library.
    
    We also use the verb "have" in another way. In the sentences we have seen, "have" means "possess". We also use "have" to express the idea of obligation. We say that someone "has to do" something. In Spanish, when we use "have" to express obligation, we use the "R" form of the other verb but we also insert the word "que". The word "que" normally means "that", but in this case, it is just used to indicate that "have" means "have to do" not "have something".
    
    
66. I have to study.
67. Do you have to study?
68. The boys have to study.
69. We have to study.
70. I have to learn the words.
71. You have to learn the words for the test.
72. The teacher says that we have to learn the words for the test.
73. The boys have to learn the words for the test.
74. The boys are going to learn the words for the test.
75. The boys are going to have to learn the words for the test.
76. I am going to learn the words for the test.
77. I have to learn the words for the test.
78. I am going to have to learn the words for the test.
    
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    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo estudio las palabras.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Juan estudia las palabras.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Nosotros estudiamos las palabras.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Los muchachos estudian las palabras.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Estudias las palabras?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo estudio en la biblioteca.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text María estudia en la biblioteca.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Nosotros estudiamos en la biblioteca.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Las muchachas estudian en la biblioteca.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo aprendo las palabras.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Los muchachos aprenden las palabras.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo estudio para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Juan estudia en la biblioteca para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Nosotros estudiamos para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Los muchachos estudian en la biblioteca para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text María dice que Juan estudia en la biblioteca.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Juan necesita estudiar las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Nosotros necesitamos estudiar las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Los muchachos necesitan estudiar las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Tú necesitas aprender las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Nosotros necesitamos aprender las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Las muchachas necesitan aprender las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo tengo las palabras que yo necesito estudiar.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Tienes las palabras que nosotros necesitamos estudiar?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text María tiene las palabras que nosotros necesitamos estudiar.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Los muchachos no tienen las palabras que ellos necesitan estudiar.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Las palabras están en la página veinte.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Dónde están las palabras que nosotros necesitamos estudiar?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text El profesor dice que las palabras que nosotros necesitamos estudiar están en la página veinte.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo creo que las palabras que nosotros necesitamos aprender están en la página veinte.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo voy a la biblioteca.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo voy a la biblioteca porque yo necesito estudiar.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo voy a estudiar las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Vas a la biblioteca?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Vas a estudiar las palabras para el examen?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text María dice que ella va a la biblioteca.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text María dice que ella va a estudiar para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo necesito aprender las palabras que están en la página veinte.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Tú necesitas aprender las palabras que están en la página veinte.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Nosotros necesitamos aprender las palabras que están en la página veinte.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Nosotros tenemos un examen mañana en la clase de español.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Tienes un examen mañana en la clase de español?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo creo que nosotros tenemos un examen mañana en la clase de español.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo voy a estudiar en la biblioteca con Juan.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Nosotros vamos a estudiar en la biblioteca con los muchachos.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Nosotros vamos a estudiar para el examen con los muchachos.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Las palabras que tú necesitas estudiar para el examen están en la página veinte.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo voy a estudiar las palabras para el examen con María.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Vas a estudiar con María?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ A dónde vas?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Dónde vas a estudiar?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Adónde van los muchachos?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Dónde van a estudiar los muchachos?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Adónde va Juan?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text &Iquest; Dónde va a estudiar Juan?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Nosotros vamos a tener un examen en la clase de español.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Vas a tener un examen en la clase de español mañana?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text María dice que ella va a tener un examen en la clase de español mañana.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text El profesor dice que nosotros vamos a tener un examen en la clase de español mañana.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo estudio las palabras para el examen que nosotros vamos a tener mañana.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Estudias las palabras para el examen que nosotros vamos a tener en la clase de español?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Vas a aprender las palabras para el examen?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo voy a aprender las palabras que están en la página veinte.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Juan dice que él va a aprender las palabras que están en la página veinte para el examen de español.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Juan va a estudiar con los muchachos en la biblioteca.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo tengo que estudiar.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text ¿ Tienes que estudiar?

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Los muchachos tienen que estudiar.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Nosotros tenemos que estudiar.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo tengo que aprender las palabras.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Tú tienes que aprender las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text El profesor dice que nosotros tenemos que aprender las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Los muchachos tienen que aprender las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Los muchachos van a aprender las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Los muchachos van a tener que aprender las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo voy a aprender las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo tengo que aprender las palabras para el examen.

    Click back button in browser to return to main text Yo voy a tener que aprender las palabras para el examen.

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