ivy101_summer03-030612

Ivy Spanish 101, June 12, 2003

We have learned that direct objects can be expressed by pronouns ("it" or "them"). The pronoun used must match the noun which is being replaced. Here are the forms.

lo	la
los	las

Remember that the direct object pronoun goes before the noun. Look at the following example.

I need the money.

Yo necesito el dinero.

I need it.

Yo lo necesito.

We have also spoken of indirect object pronouns. These are pronouns which are used to express the idea of "to someone". We use them when the verb suggests the idea of the trasfer of something to someone. Examples would be "to give", "to lend", "to send", etc. Here are the indirect object pronouns.

me	to me
te	to you (first name)
le	to him/her/you (sir, ma'm)
nos	to us
les	to them/you all

We have seen that the indirect object pronoun comes in front of the verb also. Look at this example.

Mary is giving us the money.

María nos da el dinero.

Now we want to take a look at a situation where we have both an indirect and a direct object pronoun in the same sentence. Look at the following example.

Mary is giving it to us.

María nos lo da.

Notice that the indirect pronoun "nos" which means "to us" comes first, followed by the direct pronoun "it". When we have two pronouns in a sentence in Spanish, the indirect object pronoun always comes first, then the direct object. Remember that learning to speak a language means learning to think the way that natives who speak the other language think. This includes the possibility of a different word order than what we find in English. Notice that what we are really saying here is,

Mary to us it is giving.

The same pattern would be true with "me" or "te". When we use "le" or "les", however, we have one more factor to consider. For reasons that go back to the evolution of Latin (which we don't want to get involved with here), it appears that people found it awkward to pronounce the combimations "le lo", "le la", "les lo", "les la", etc. "Le" and "les" evolved into "se" when followed by a direct object pronoun. Let's take a look at the following example.

John needs the money. Mary is giving it to him.

Juan necesita el dinero. María se lo da.

Let's learn some new words that we can use in sentences that follow this pattern.

la secretaria	the secretary
el abogado	the lawyer
los documentso	the documents
la carta	la carta
el cheque	the check
entregar	to hand over (deliver)
mandar	to send
dar	to give
dar	to give
vender	to sell

The secretary is going to give me the documents.
The secretary is going to give them to me.
I am going to give the documents to her.
I am going to give them to her.
The lawyer has to give them the letters tomorrow.
The lawyer has to give them to them tomorrow.
We have to give the letters to him tomorrow.
We have to give them to him tomorrow.
You have to give her the check.
You have to give it to her.
She is going to give the check to you.
She is going to give it to you.
I am going to send them the letter.
I am going to send it to them.
They are going to send us the letter tomorrow.
They are going to send it to us tomorrow.
I hope that the secretary sends him the check tomorrow.
I hope that the secretary sends it to him tomorrow.
She is going to have to hand the check over to him tomorrow.
She is going to have to hand it over to him tomorrow.
Can you deliver the letter to them tomorrow?
Can you deliver it to them tomorrow?
I hope that you can deliver the documents to them tomorrow.
I hope that you can deliver them to them tomorrow.

We have studied the forms and two uses of the verb "have". Here is the chart for "have".

yo tengo I have
tú tienes you have
él/ella tiene he/she has
nosotros tenemos we have
ellos/ellas tienen they have

We use "have" primarily to express possession.

I have the money.

We also use "have" to express the idea of obligation. In this case, we are saying that someone "has to do" something. In Spanish, we use the "R" form of the verb, the infinitive, just like we do in English. However, we put the word "que" in front of the infinitive.

Mary has to work in the office tomorrow.

María tiene que trabajar en la oficina mañana.

There is a third use of the word "have" in English. This is when we say that someone "has done" something. In this case, in Spanish, we use a completely different word for "have". Here are the forms of "have" which we use to say "has done".

yo he I have
tú has you have
él/ella ha he/she has
nosotros hemos we have
ellos/ellas han they have

We use this form of "have" with a form of the verb which is called the participle. In English this is the third form you learned for each verb in English class, such as "see, saw, seen". The third form, "seen" is the form we use with "have". We can say, "I have seen", "you have seen", etc.

In Spanish the participle is formed by adding "-do" to the end of the verb. For "A" category verbs, this means that the verb will end in "-ado". In the case of "E" verbs, the ending of the participle will be "-ido". Here are some examples.

hablar hablado
dar dado
vender vendido
llevar llevado

Let's see how these verb forms work in the patterns that we have just worked with.
I have sent the letter to you.
I have sent it to you.
The secretary has delivered the check to me.
The secretary has delivered it to me.
The lawyer has given the check to her.
The lawyer has given it to her.
John has sold us the house.
John has sold it to us.
John has sold the house to her.
John has sold it to her.
Can you deliver the letter to her tomorrow?
Can you deliver it to her tomorrow?
I hope that the secretary can take the documents to them tomorrow.
I hope that the secretary can take them to them tomorrow.
I believe that the lawyer has taken the documents to her.
I believe that the lawyer has taken them to her.
Mary has given me the check.
Mary has given it to me.
I want Mary to give me the check.
I want Mary to give it to me.
John wants Mary to give the check to him.
John wants Mary to give it to him.
Mary has given him the check.
Mary has given it to him.

END

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La secretaria me va a dar los documentos.

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La secretaria me los va a dar.

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Yo le voy a dar los documentos.

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Yo se los voy a dar.

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El abogado les tiene que dar las cartas mañana.

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El abogado se las tiene que dar mañana.

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Nosotros le tenemos que dar las cartas mañana.

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Nosotros se las tenemos que dar mañana.

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Tú le tienes que dar el cheque.

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Tú se lo tienes que dar.

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Ella te va a dar el cheque.

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Ella te lo va a dar.

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Yo les voy a mandar la carta mañana.

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Yo se la voy a mandar mañana.

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Ellos nos van a mandar la carta mañana.

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Ellos nos la van a mandar mañana.

Notice that we have to change "manda" to "mande" because we have a "feeling" sentence.

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Yo espero que la secretaria le mande el cheque mañana.

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Yo espero que la secretaria se lo mande mañana.

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Ella le va a tener que entregar el cheque mañana.

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Ella se lo va a tener que entregar mañana.

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¿ Les puedes entregar la carta mañana?

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¿ Se la puedes entregar mañana?

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Yo espero que tú les puedas entregar los documentos mañana.

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Yo espero que tú se los puedas entregar mañana.

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Yo te he mandado la carta.

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Yo te la he mandado.

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La secretaria me ha entregado la carta.

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La secretaria me la ha entregado.

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El abogado le ha dado el cheque.

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El abogado se lo ha dado.

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Juan nos ha vendido la casa.

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Juan nos la ha mandado.

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Juan le ha vendido la casa.

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Juan se la ha vendido.

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¿ Le puedes entregar la carta mañana?

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¿ Se la puedes entregar mañana?

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Yo espero que la secretaria les pueda llevar los documentos mañana.

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Yo espero que la secretaria se los pueda llevar mañana.

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Yo creo que el abogado le ha llevado los documentos.

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Yo creo que el abogado se los ha llevado.

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María me ha dado el cheque.

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María me lo ha dado.

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Yo quiero que María me dé el cheque.

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Yo quiero que María me lo dé.

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Juan quiere que María le dé el cheque.

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Juan quiere que María se lo dé.

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María le ha dado el cheque.

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María se lo ha dado.

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yo tengo	I have
tú tienes	you have
él/ella tiene	he/she has
nosotros tenemos	we have
ellos/ellas tienen	they have

yo he	I have
tú has	you have
él/ella ha	he/she has
nosotros hemos	we have
ellos/ellas han	they have

hablar	hablado
dar	dado
vender	vendido
llevar	llevado

Ivy Spanish 101, June 12, 2003

I need the money. Yo necesito el dinero. I need it. Yo lo necesito.

Mary is giving us the money. María nos da el dinero.

Mary is giving it to us. María nos lo da.

Mary to us it is giving.

John needs the money. Mary is giving it to him. Juan necesita el dinero. María se lo da.

I have the money.

Mary has to work in the office tomorrow. María tiene que trabajar en la oficina mañana.

Juan le ha vendido la casa.

I need the money.

Yo necesito el dinero.

I need it.

Yo lo necesito.

Mary is giving us the money.

María nos da el dinero.

Mary is giving it to us.

María nos lo da.

John needs the money. Mary is giving it to him.

Juan necesita el dinero. María se lo da.

Mary has to work in the office tomorrow.

María tiene que trabajar en la oficina mañana.